Example: a 600 kg cow needs 600 kg × 3% = 18 kg DM/day. Grass hays will often be 7-10% moisture. o = 13 pounds of grain per day. STAGE 3. United States Congressional Serial Set - Volume 2397 - Page 296 On a per tonne basis, to replace 2204 pounds of barley, it would be necessary to feed 2352 pounds of oats to get the same amount of energy and an additional six pounds of canola meal to match protein levels. A lactating dairy cow has a high metabolism, and is very similar to a marathon runner or high performance athlete. 16% commercial feed. Found inside – Page 311The second six months ' feed , 8 pounds of hay , with straw ad libitum , $ 7.28 ; one pound of oats and two pounds of bran per day , $ 6.37 ; total , $ 13.65 ; cost for the year , $ 25.75 . The second year the cost would be : pasture ... This is because the starch of milo is less digestible. That would be at a total feed cost of $0.86 per day. feed Feeding High Protein Range Cubes – Beef Cattle The experiment was conducted at the Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory near Whitman, Nebraska and took place from March 10 to May 20, 2010. Grain Rations for Cattle, Beef cattle operations can be very profitable, but they are also subject to many variables in the market, including the rising and falling costs of both beef and feed. per day from weaning to first breeding or 250 to … In general, your cattle feed will be made up of three different sources: roughage, concentrates, and supplements. There is no need for harvesting, storage or feeding. Oats are used in human food applications and are marketed to horse owners as well. 1,900-pound cow needs 40.7 pounds of dry matter. When I say excellent marbling, I also can say excellent taste also. milligrams of antibiotics per pound of ration. Agricultural News Letter - Volumes 12-15 - Page xlix Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry - Page 327 Calves on creep feed for even two or three weeks before weaning will wean and go on feed much easier. First, you have to make sure your feed fulfills all your cattle's nutritional requirements. OATS AS A FEED FOR BEEF CATTLE - Ohio State … We feed at 2.5-3.0% of body wt. Finishing with sweet feed | CattleToday Some sources of stress for beef cattle include: In hot temperatures, animals may eat less, but need more to maintain their weight, which can lead to weight loss. Oats is an ideal grain for starting cattle on feed because of its high hull and fiber content. Hay is forage (grass and alfalfa) that has been cut, dried, and made into bales. Hayes Barley is a high-tillering, 2 row medium-tall variety with outstanding high quality forage yield potential, used primarily for hay and forage either as a mono-culture planting or in mixes. Some horse people are very scientific with it and will weigh out the serving each day - or so I've heard. Among the beneficial herbs are poisonous. Per Fattening cattle should be fed a mineral supplement. Rate of gain was improved 10.3 percent and feed efficiency 6.5 percent in an average of 47 trials. Found inside – Page 17Published every Friday as a Weekly Market Report by matter in their daily feed in order to do their best . Our 6. ... K. Anderson sent in cattle for Monday's market ; The number of really desirable heavy , or good , cost of the ration ... Found inside – Page 674gains per head were for wheat and rye hays 0.65 lb. each , barley hay 0.54 lb. , and oat hay 0.16 lb. ... An account is given of a feeding test with two cows fed a ration containing blackstrap molasses for three weeks , while two other ... Nutrition and Feeding of Organic Cattle - Page 84 Examples of roughages I show cattle - so they get grain throughout the whole show season (May - October). Field peas and other legumes are also good concentrate options. Answer (1 of 4): Well, we don't count the number of grains of oats we feed. If you do use silage, make sure you get it from someone who knows how to make good silage and check that the plastic wrap is not punctured. Found inside – Page 311The second six months ' feed , 8 pounds of hay , with straw ad libitum , $ 7.28 ; one pound of oats and two pounds of bran per day , $ 6.37 ; total , $ 13.65 ; cost for the year , $ 25.75 . The second year the cost would be : pasture ... Sun, pests, and illness all require additional bodily resources, which means more feed for less weight gain. Learn more Close . As a rule of thumb, a cow will eat 2 to 2.5 pounds of hay per day for each 100 pounds of body weight (about one 30- to 40-lb. Found inside – Page 144OAT SCALPINGS roe Hoos At Ottawa during the winter of 1924-25, oat scalpings were fed to growing pigs at the rates ... OATVSCALPINGS FED AT DIFFERENT RATES Rate of feeding Average Feed eaten per pound gain Lot oat scalpings daily gain ... During particularly hot weather, cattle may not feel like eating much during the day. The Highland cattle are an ancient cattle species of Celtic origin. In the cold season, it is also a valuable feed for cows. A good rule of thumb is to feed your horse the amount of hay she can clean up in about 1½ - 2 hours. For example the feeding of an adequate amount of high protein concentrate to cows on dry native range in the winter will likely cause a large increase in forage intake (2-10 lbs. Supplementation of concentrate mixture @ 100 – 200 g/animal/day with the protein of 16-18 percent. While shopping online, select "Contactless Curbside Pickup In Store" for eligible items. There are a few vitamins your cattle depend on and that you should monitor their intake of, namely A, D, and E, which they cannot synthesize on their own. A, Having a Roller Mill Makes Your Operation More Flexible, At Automatic Equipment Manufacturing, we have nearly a century's experience helping farmers efficiently grow their cattle. Similarly, cold temperatures can also increase maintenance requirements. ity and increased feed per gain at test weights below 46.0 lb/bu (59 kg/hl). With the availability and improvement of shorter-season corn varieties, corn plantings in North Dakota increased nearly 40 percent from 2008 to 2017. So when cost allows, oats should be included in the ration. After threshing wheat, oats, barley, dry stems remain, from which straw is obtained. Where lactating cows are being fed grain/hay (80:20), then using a good quality hay means 1.5 kg roughage/hd/day, and a low quality hay 2.5–3.0 kg/hd/day. What Sheep Eat and How Much This Guide will Explore all aspects of Feeding your Sheep.The Nutrition They Need and what types of Pastures make the best Feed for your Flocks. Found inside – Page 27Douglas - fir molasses was used by Jones ( 67 ) at Oregon State University in feeding experiments with dairy cattle . The control ration consisted of 2 pounds of ground barley per heifer per day plus oats and vetch hay . © 2020 Automatic Equipment Manufacturing, One Mill Road, Pender, NE 68047. Help improve lives, communities and economies throughout the state. The amount of compound feed that a dairy cow requires per day is calculated according to the daily milk yield - 2 kilograms of the ready-made mixture is given for 1 liter of milk. As an example, if it were determined the daily dry matter intake of a group of 1,200 pound cow eating an average quality hay is 24 pounds per head and the hay that they are consuming is 88% dry matter, these cows would consume about 27 (24 pounds/. The peeling of a banana contains crude fiber which is beneficial for a cow’s digestive system. Yearling Steers. This fed to a 900-1000 pound steer for 3-4 months should will you a nicely finished animal. View all agriculture and environment programs, Continuing Education for Health Professions, Agricultural systems and natural resources, Agricultural Business and Policy Extension, Exceed - Regional Economic and Entrepreneurial Development, Mid-America Trade Adjustment Assistance Center, Missouri Small Business Development Centers, Missouri Procurement Technical Assistance Centers, Veterinary Extension and Continuing Education, Living a Healthy Life with Chronic Conditions, Missouri Council for Activity and Nutrition, equal opportunity/access/affirmative action/pro-disabled and veteran employer, Grain (1 pound per 100 pounds body weight), Ground shelled corn (1-1.5 Pounds per 100 pounds body weight), Mixing a good source of the missing or deficient minerals into a complete ration, Adding minerals to the protein supplement. You can make your own homemade cattle beef fattening feeds. Buy Online Pickup Curbside! 16% commercial feed. cattle gains from oats harvested and fed as haylage compared to that harvested as hay from comparable land areas. While DON can cause problems for swine (reduced feed intake, vomiting), no evidence exists that beef cattle are affected adversely, based on multiple research trials with cows and feedlot cattle. This may include processing grains. Bovatec® are feed additives that change rumen fermentation and improve the feed conversions of feedlot cattle by approximately 8 to 10 percent. Rations for Growing and Finishing Beef Cattle. Stressed animals may require more than 20% more protein than unstressed animals, and about 15% more calories. Cattle that have different nutritional needs, … Antibiotics are fed to reduce liver abscesses in cattle fed high-concentrate rations. Feeding rolled or ground oats to yearlings results in a 5 percent improvement in feed efficiency compared to feeding oats whole. Cattle on pasture or those fed high-roughage rations have gained an average of 0.2 pounds more a head daily and had about a 15 percent improvement in feed efficiency when fed Rumensin®. Thus, for smaller animals, protein, calcium, and phosphorus make up a higher proportion of their feed. GrainsCorn and milo are the principal grains fed to beef cattle. Mixture of grainsFeeding a combination of grains or feeding a dry grain with a high-moisture grain can reduce acidosis and improve gain and feed efficiency about 5 percent. Grazing in the pasture for about 8 hours per day. But a better alternative would be to use three hay rings that are filled every three days. per acre. Feeding on the ground increases the chance of the minerals, hay, and grain becoming contaminated with feces. For cattle, the University of Florida recommends 30 to 50 pounds (wet weight) spent grains per day, and 20 pounds (wet weight) per day maximum for calves. Provide reasonable shelter against heat, sun, and cold. If we assume that the hay is 92% dry matter or 8% moisture, then the cows will consume about 26 lbs./day on an ‘as-fed basis. Table 1. It is just shy of 1/2 crimped corn, has oats , soybean Meal, cottonseed hulls, molasses, vitamins, etc. Enter and space open menus and escape closes them as well. In addition to being nutritionally adequate, a good cattle ration should be economical, palatable and free of toxic substances. Also, it is cleared for heifers fed in confinement for slaughter. Within 2 to 3 hours after the sun comes up they’ll have eaten about 60% of what their total forage for the day. Urea and other non-protein nitrogen compounds can be used to replace part of the protein in ruminant rations. So, when you take into account the lower feeding rate and figure out how much it actually costs to feed your horse, you may be surprised. Processing methods developed for grains in recent years included high-moisture storage, steam flaking, grain exploding, popping, roasting and micronizing. Whether high-energy rations composed largely of grain produce cheaper gains than lower-energy rations depends on the price of grains and roughages in relation to their nutritive content. These might not be optimal for your situation, but illustrate how you can build diets out of different components. of corn per day for a 1,000-lb. Cattle Feed at Tractor Supply Co. Contactless Curbside Pickup! When fed with grass hay or silage, high-grain rations require more calcium than phosphorus supplementation to correct deficiencies and keep the calcium-phosphorus ratio between 1:1 and 2:1. Found inside – Page 109... of much less value . The food I would rebreeder is deeply interested ; namely , “ The best commend is a plentiful supply of good hay , with and most economical system of feeding cattle one pound of linseed cake per day to ... Use the higher level when rapid weight gains are expected, especially for heavy calves. To feed a 30-cow herd, we could use one hay ring that is filled daily. Utilizing pastures as a major portion of the forage feeding program reduces the cost of meat goat production significantly. Table 1. Whether you have a huge feedlot in need of a. Wheat also ups the risk of bloat or acidosis as it is digested faster. “Maximum feeding limits for wheat is three pounds per head per day for calves under 700 pounds and six pounds a day for mature cows,” said Yaremcio. of feed in the morning and the other half in the evening. Use the higher level when rapid weight gains are expected, especially for heavy calves. Examples of high rumen bypass proteins are blood meal, corn gluten meal and hydrolyzed feather meal. Cattle may be placed on feed by feeding 1.5 percent of body weight the first day plus 1 pound increase per head per day until on full feed. Byproduct feeds available to Missouri cattle producers include soybean hulls, corn gluten feed, distillers grains, brewers grain, corn bran, oat bran, rice bran, wheat mids, whole cotton seed and poultry litter. Hayes Barley is awnless (beardless) which makes it more palatable than awned varieties.
We use a custom feed which is given to them twice per day. The level of oats should be reduced over time to 20-30 percent of the diet. Let’s see how this rule-of-thumb holds up. Liquid and dry urea supplements appear to be equal in value for beef cattle. You may wish to substitute a commercial protein supplement that furnishes as much natural protein as is contained in these amounts of soybean meal. Grains can accumulate in an animal’s intestines because they lack starch-digesting enzymes. per head daily. Found inside – Page 295ILS com is not raised to any considerable extent , | for fattening cattle is of great value . ... employed in fattening quarts per day each ; and at first putting up a cattle are hay and Indian meal , or corn and much less quantity . Due to having double coat, the cattle are able to endure extremely low temperatures. At night, they often gather together in a herd near trees. Byproduct feedsByproduct feeds may be a cheaper source of protein and energy for beef rations than conventional feeds. You also have to make sure cattle get enough fiber. Found inside – Page 12In 90 days , The effect of the winter feeding level the first lot consumed a daily average on the quantity of grain ... of cottonseed meal daily . beef cattle has been to compare the Another group of steers fed 14.5 feed value of oats ... Concentrates provide most of the calories, protein, and other nutrients for your cattle, but are relatively low in fiber. This fed to a 900-1000 pound steer for 3-4 months should will you a nicely finished animal. 10-15 lbs. The ration may be more expensive per ton than cow feed. However, barley and oats are also very popular. Once you’re satisfied with how much grain the cows eat, you can slowly up the grain level by 1.10 lbs every second day until you reach the desired ration. Scouring Reduce scouring on oats by allowing stock access to roughage Well, if you do the math keeping the pig for 4 months and it eating 650 pounds of feed (I picked the middle of the 600-700 pounds listed above) you’ll get 5.42 pounds of feed per pig per day. COVID-19 - Latest Information. Found inside – Page 2Since a portion of these data have been published (High Moisture Barley for Fattening Cattle, Farm Research, Vol. 24, pgs. ... The cattle fed oats consumed 7 per cent more feed per day, which should have been enough to give the same ... Provide the ewe with hay and plenty of clean fresh water. Found inside – Page 92Of Stall - feeding Cattle . ... feed , composed of equal quantities of oats or shorts and corn , per day : this should be given to the cattle dry ... From this time the cattle should be curried and cleaned at least every other day . For comparison, corn feed yields 88 to 90 percent TDN = an attractive source of nutrition for livestock producers + low cost. Goats raised for meat need high quality feed in most situations and require an optimum balance of many different nutrients to achieve maximum profit potential. This is because fewer pounds of the high-energy ration are needed daily to meet the animal's energy requirement, but the protein need stays the same. While there might be a slight variation, the grain amount you should start with is 1.10 lbs per head per day. The table indicates how much for a good nutrition can be given to a cow (weight 500 kg) of the above products: Taste features. Of course, this comes with the caveat that you need to monitor the growth and health of your cattle to ensure they are eating properly. Grinding oats is usually not required for young calves, unless the grain fed with the oats is also ground. Grinding ensures a more complete mixing of the feeds. Feeding rolled or ground oats to yearlings results in a 5 percent improvement in feed efficiency compared to feeding oats whole. Feeding on the ground increases the chance of the minerals, hay, and grain becoming contaminated with feces.
Feeding above the ground also allows you to monitor how much you feed a goat per day. While the TDN and calorie intake requirements increase with size, the requirements for protein, calcium, and phosphorus remain stable or decrease as cattle grow. If you do not have access to pasture or if you are finishing during the winter, you might increase the amount of grain to 15-18 lbs. Also question is, how much grain does a cow eat per day? The feeders are filled constantly. Low bypass protein, those highly degradable in the rumen, include soybean meal, corn gluten feed and alfalfa hay. Pre-lamb ewe feeding in tight feed conditions: • Singles – 150 g/d advisable in last two to three weeks How much grain should I feed my beef cattle? grass hay and 4 lbs. Generally, it averages between 8 to 15kg per head per day and 3.4% of a steer’s live mass per day. This indicates lower utilization of the whole oats by older cattle. Calcium: 0.12 lbs for smaller animals, gradually decreasing to 0.11 lbs for larger animals. Feeding kids after 3 months to 12 months. Oats may constitute 50-70 percent of the grain mix while cattle are becoming accustomed to a full feed. This beef cattle needs about 2970 catties of concentrated feed from the introduction to the slaughter. Formulating a ration is a matter of combining feeds to make a ration that will be eaten in the amount needed to supply the daily nutrient requirements of the animal. Mineral deficiencies can be corrected by: The last is a satisfactory method under most conditions, but some animals will over-consume minerals, while others may eat less than they need. Found insideOats are undoubtedly the cereal crop of have probably never done better for their owners beast per day ... the oat area is very large , and , indeed , co- their favorites have ruled higher than during many feeding cattle , sheep and ... Feeding above the ground also allows you to monitor how much you feed a goat per day. Their digestive systems are designed to deal with foods that have a high degree of fiber. Learn More. You can buy calves from dairy farms inexpensively to start raising beef cattle. To have the same cost for feeding, oat needs to be $1.50 per bushel less expensive than barley to be a cost effective option. Answer: Oats should be a supplemental feed, not a basic with a set amount fed. Gradually increase the feed to the desired level during the first week after lambing. (1.25 to 1.50 pounds per head gain daily) Silage and protein supplement. If a feed M/D is not shown in the table it means that feed of that energy concentration would be Comprehensive and best selling guide for farmers and advisers who wish to become more adept at solving nutritional problems and at devising improved diets for efficient milk production. Included is diet formulation computer program. Try to condition areas where animals frequent to reduce mud. The percent of the protein value that is derived from non-protein nitrogen (NPN) should be considered because some reduction in performance will occur when large amounts of non-protein nitrogen are used with low-energy rations. How often should I feed my cows? Some examples of beef cattle rations for different feeding and management systems are given in Tables 1 and 2. That’s $540 for the herd. More urea can be used if the natural protein in the supplement has low degradability in the rumen of the cattle (high bypass protein). While shopping online, select "Contactless Curbside Pickup In Store" for eligible items. and we go slowly taking 5 to 6 months to finish - we use visual inspection and weight to determine when to quit. As forage quality improves, as measured by the TDN content of the forage, the quantity of forage that the cow can eat rises as well. If you want your cow to gain weight, you can give it some sweet treats such as apple slices. However, to maintain maximum forage utilization, Wright advises feeding corn in amounts no greater than 0.25% of cow body weight. I mix WSC, oats, filler pellets & protein pellets. It's important to make sure you have a good supply of forage, rotate animals regularly, and periodically assess the quality of forage in your pastures. 1,800-pound cow needs 39.3 pounds of dry matter. As cows produce more milk, they eat more. I just limit them to 5#/hd/day throughout the winter until they are bred in the spring and they get turned out on pasture. Found inside – Page 78Many cultivars have been positively evaluated in winter up to alpine areas , around 2300 m . Feeding green oats to cows in winter increased milk yields by from 1 to 4 litres per day . Fodder oats , vetch , lucerne , shaftal and berseem ... This seed is Untreated. Oats are another good feed grain for cattle. MGA® may be combined with Rumensin or Bovatec in supplements or rations offered to heifers. Example: for a 15 kg weaner to achieve 100 g/hd/day weight gain on a ration with 12 M/D the required feeding rate will be 460 g/hd/day at a minimum crude protein requirement of 17% . In a trial conducted in Georgia, it was observed that when mature cattle were fed free-choice whole cottonseed, intake was erratic, ranging from 4 to 11 pounds per head per day. High producing dairy cows will eat 110 to 120 pounds of wet feed a day or 50 to 55 pounds of dry matter (DM) a day. Tab will move on to the next part of the site rather than go through menu items. Four main categories of sorghum and millets are grain sorghum, forage sorghum, sudangrass and sorghum-sudan-grass hybrids. Vitamin needs of beef cattle are chiefly A, D and E. Bacteria in the rumen of cattle are considered to have the ability to synthesize vitamin K and the B vitamins in sufficient quantities to meet the animal's requirement. is based on 100% dry matter. As an example, a 30-cow herd would consume one 900-pound round bale per day. Sulfur additions to urea supplements have been beneficial in some trials. Check individual nutrients to determine whether you need to add seasonal supplements or change the balance between concentrates and roughage. Expected weight gains include: • general range—0.7–1.2 kg per day • weaner/yearling cattle—0.7–1.1 kg per day (average 0.9 kg) • heavy steers (export)—0.8–1.2 kg per day (average 1.0 kg). 30,000 to 40,000 IU (International Units) of vitamin A per day, 3,000 to 4,000 IU per day of vitamin D and 200 to 300 IU per day of vitamin E. The lower amount is recommended for light calves and for modest weight gains. The computer is useful in building a ration with those feeds that meet the nutritional requirements of the animal at the lowest cost. In that older OSU data, calves gained 1.75 pounds per day for the weaned period and in recent years have gained 1.75 to 2.25 pounds per day on the two rations we show here. Our fourth generation. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. Photo: Canada Beef Inc. 1 Crude Protein (CP) % / kg fresh weight required in concentrate mixes for grass silage Found inside – Page xlix"In an 80-day feeding experiment recently completed by T. E. Woodward and J. B. Shepherd of the Bureau of Dairy Industry, cows receiving oat hay, corn silage, and a grain mixture consisting of corn, oats, bran, and bone meal produced as ... Found inside – Page 285They were two want very much to save the foals , if I can churned and the butter weighed . ... been resorted to in the trotting horse thus far . 10 Ibs . pulped carrots , 9 lbs . ground oats , feed and the purchase price of the cows . When you cannot eliminate stresses, compensate with additional food. Goat with babies – Learn Natural Farming. This beef cattle needs about 2490 catties of concentrated feed from the introduction to the slaughter. Here's how to make sure your cattle are getting all their nutritional needs met while keeping your costs down. That means we should be able to have 10 to 13 cows. Cost per unit of protein should be the primary consideration when buying protein supplements for cattle. The resulting number is its ADG. Rumensin® has increased rate of gain and feed efficiency of cattle fed corn silage and other roughage rations. They are now COWS - and don't get grain.
Select the store where you would like to pick up your items. Type 2 or more characters into the input search below for suggested results, use up and down arrow keys to navigate through suggest box. Missouri cattle feeders can obtain the services of a computer for ration computation through the MU Extension. If oats are $12.50 per 50-pound bag, the cost to feed 7 pounds per day is $1.75. 2,000-pound cow needs 42.2 pounds of dry matter. Forage should be the basis of a horse's diet, and the minimum amount should be 1.5% of the horse's healthy body weight. Corn Price Per 1 Liter. Once/day feeding of feedlot cattle might work for you. Grazing in the pasture for about 8 hours per day. This may include processing grains. Starch is a glucan (polymer of glucose) com-posed of two types of molecules, amylose and amylo- How much do beef cattle eat per day? Again, this is simply an example to illustrate how the amount of feed a cow needs various considerably by body weight. Found inside – Page 270Throughout the year, Blackland farmers averaged about 35 minutes per day looking after the beef enterprise. With larger herds, Grand Prairie farmers averaged about 50 minutes daily caring for beef cattle. Calves fat at weaning usually ... However, as a starting point for estimates and budgeting, consider these approximate figures for daily feeding to achieve maximum weight gain: Total digestible nutrients (TDN): 1-2% of body weight, Calcium: 0.12 lbs for smaller animals, gradually decreasing to 0.11 lbs for larger animals. mate of mine feeds 1 kg oats to incalf heifers and thin older cows and never has any calving problems( using a charolais bull) Buy Online and call or use the app when you arrive. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. Thus, a high-grain diet can promote an overgrowth of Clostridium perfringens, a bacterium associated with sudden death in feedlot cattle, Russell’s article suggests. Normally, feeding 15,000 to 30,000 IU of vitamin A per head daily will supply ample vitamin A for feedlot cattle. Found inside – Page 158( For the Cultivator and Country Gentleman . ) 900 pounds or so , close ribbed , short body and legs , who FEEDING HORSES . will only muss over " ten pounds of hay and eight quarts of good oats per day , and upon that feed will work ... The above figures assume that animals are in good conditions. 10-15 lbs. Check out our latest articles for tips and tricks on finding the best and most affordable Pet Insurance. As an example, if it were determined the daily dry matter intake of a group of 1,200 pound cow eating an average quality hay is 24 pounds per head and the hay that they are consuming is 88% dry matter, these cows would consume about 27 (24 pounds/. Our cows sleep in the pasture. Some experienced feeders use larger amounts of wheat successfully. Cattle are ruminants. Replacement beef heifers should attain 65 to 70% of their potential mature weight by the time they are bred at 14-15 months of age. grass. You will need to do some experimenting to see what is the right amount of grass for the day for your cows. They both got third place overall for rate of gain—2.99 and 2.91 pounds per day; feedlot cattle gain 2.4 to 4 pounds per day. Find more nutrition information here. In some studies, cattle fed whole oats have consumed more grain per day but gained at the same rate compared to cattle fed rolled or ground oats. The site navigation utilizes arrow, enter, escape, and space bar key commands. Injecting new feeder cattle with vitamin E may reduce the incidence and severity of sickness in the starting phase. Cattle on full feed usually gain faster and require less feed energy for a pound of gain when they consume high-energy rations. High-moisture milo or corn should be ground or rolled before it is fed. Improvement from antibiotics can be expected to vary greatly with different groups of cattle and feedlot conditions.