(, Students will make a timeline covering three periods: the Umayyad dynasty about which they just read, and the two empires it gave rise to: the Abbasid Empire and Muslim Spain. Abbasid: Abbasid Empire was founded by the descendants of Muhammad’s uncle. By the 920s, a Shi’a sect that only recognized the first five Imams and could trace its roots to Muhammad’s daughter Fatima, took control of Idrisi and then Aghlabid domains. However, the Umayyad caliphs do seem to have understood themselves as the representatives of God on Earth. The political power of the Abbasids largely ended with the rise of the Buyids and the Seljuq Turks in 1258 CE. Yazid, as his successor, instead of leaving that decision up to the respected elders of the community. After Muhammad’s death and the rebellion of several tribes, Abu Bakr initiated several military campaigns to bring Arabia under Islam and into the caliphate. Syria remained the Umayyads’ main power base thereafter, and Damascus was their capital. Also during his reign, the Dome of the Rock, with its distinctive golden dome and beautiful calligraphy, was constructed in Jerusalem by 691.

Al-Mansur (754-775 AD) constructed a new Abbasid capital, Baghdad. Abbasid caliphate emphasized the value of knowledge. While religious minorities didn’t have the same rights as Muslims, Jewish and Christian scholars also made intellectual contributions with the support of Muslim rulers. While the capital of the Islamic world under Umayyad Dynasty was Damascus, the capital of Syria, it shifted to Baghdad under Abbasid Dynasty. Ibn Rushd has been described as the “founding father of secular thought in Western Europe.” He tried to reconcile Aristotle’s system of thought with Islam. He was orphaned early in life but around 590 he entered the service of a widow called Khadijah, operating trading caravans to the north. He was followed in 634 AD by 'Umar.

1187—Saladin recaptures Jerusalem Expansion of the caliphate: This map shows the extension of Islamic rule under Muhammad, the Rashidun Caliphate, and the Umayyad Caliphate. The Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad dynasty in 750 CE, supporting the mawali, or non-Arab Muslims, by moving the capital to Baghdad in 762 CE.

750—overthrown by Abbasid faction, 750—Abbasid faction from eastern Iran overthrows Umayyad dynasty

He is considered the father of algebra.

There are repeating elements in Islamic art, such as the use of geometrical floral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as the arabesque. His legacy in Spain, despite all odds, was nearly three-hundred years of enlightened rule over a prosperous, if factious land. The conquerors destroyed the city of Baghdad, burning its palaces and its houses of learning. Before Muslims were ready to build mosques in Syria, they accepted Christian churches as holy places and shared them with local Christians. The Arab conquerors did not repeat the mistake made by the Byzantine and Sasanian empires, who had tried and failed to impose an official religion on subject populations, which had caused resentments that made the Muslim conquests more acceptable to them. Caliph Abu Bakr insisted that they had not just submitted to a leader, but joined the Islamic community of Ummah. Mu’awiya modeled his government’s organization on that of the, Byzantine Empire, which had recently ruled the region, even going so far as to hire Christian. Students will place these and other dates on a parallel timeline so they can visualize the sequence of events in the Islamic Golden Age. The expansion of the Arab Empire in the years following the Prophet Muhammad’s death led to the creation of caliphates occupying a vast geographical area. Umayyads. During the Golden Age, the major Islamic capital cities of Baghdad, Cairo, and Córdoba became the main intellectual centers for science, philosophy, medicine, and education. From that point, the empire was ruled in name by the Abbasids, but in practice by the Seljuq. • Abbasid had been content with inherited empire while Umayyad’s were aggressive and espoused expansion militarily. Coins were another support for calligraphy. The period was characterized by an expansion of trade and culture, and saw the construction of masterpieces of al-Andalus architecture. 1126-1198—life of Ibn Rushd, Averroes Accessed July 14, 2012. http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=31. Sitemap. Al-Mansur (754-775 AD) constructed a new Abbasid …

This period of prosperity was marked by increasing diplomatic relations with Berber tribes in north Africa, Christian kings from the north, and France, Germany, and Constantinople.

14th century—completion of the Alhambra Palace in Granada Difference Between Sunni Muslims and Shiite Muslims, Difference Between Catholic and Christian Bible, Difference Between Shirdi Sai Baba and Sathya Sai Baba, Difference Between Coronavirus and Cold Symptoms, Difference Between Coronavirus and Influenza, Difference Between Coronavirus and Covid 19, Difference Between British Empire and Commonwealth, Difference Between Maltose and Isomaltose, Difference Between Acetylcholine and Adrenaline, Difference Between Electrostatics and Magnetostatics, Difference Between Acidophiles Neutrophiles and Alkaliphiles, Difference Between Functional Group and Homologous Series, Difference Between Fermentation and Putrefaction. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/sumay/hd_sumay.htm (October 2001), “Gold Coin of Abd al-Malik.” British Museum. Nestorian Christians played an important role in the formation of Arab culture, with the Jundishapur hospital and medical academy prominent in the late Sassanid, Umayyad, and early Abbasid periods. At that point, while they were both Sayyids, the Abbasids claimed the Caliphate, in part because they were now the rulers of holy lands such as Mecca and Medina. Ali then took control, but was not universally accepted as caliph by the governors of Egypt, and later by some of his own guard. The Abbasid Empire had many strengths, here are five important ones. The Abbasids had many achievements, and helped expand the empire further. Muhammad had stated explicitly during his lifetime that each religious minority should be allowed to practice its own religion and govern itself, and the policy had on the whole continued. Web. 12th century—A Thousand and One Nights first compiled Abbasid Strengths. The library of Al-Ḥakam II was one of the largest libraries in the world, housing at least 400,000 volumes, and Córdoba possessed translations of ancient Greek texts into Arabic, Latin and Hebrew.

Even though the Spanish caliphate challenged Abbasid authority in the east, scholars moved between the two regions. The creativity that had flowed from Baghdad for four centuries came to a crashing halt in 1258, when the Mongol invasion reached Mesopotamia.